CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 REVIEW OF HISTORY OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER
The first fire extinguisher
of which there is any record was patented in England in 1723 by Ambrose
Godfrey, a celebrated chemist at that time. It consisted of a cask of
fire-extinguishing liquid containing a pewter chamber of gunpowder. This was
connected with a system of
fuses which were ignited, exploding the gunpowder and scattering the solution. This device was probably used to a limited extent, as Bradley Weekly Messenger for November 7th, 1729, refers to its efficiency in stopping a fire in London.
fuses which were ignited, exploding the gunpowder and scattering the solution. This device was probably used to a limited extent, as Bradley Weekly Messenger for November 7th, 1729, refers to its efficiency in stopping a fire in London.
The modern fire extinguisher was invented by British
Captain George William Manby in 1818; it consisted of a copper vessel of 3
gallons (13.6 liters) of pearl ash (potassium carbonate) solution contained
within compressed air. The soda-acid extinguisher
was first patented in 1866 by Francois Carlier of France, which mixed a
solution of water and sodium bicarbonate with tartaric acid, producing the
propellant CO2 gas. A soda-acid extinguisher was patented in the
U.S. in 1881 by Almon M. Granger. His extinguisher used the reaction between
sodium bicarbonate solution and sulfuric acid to expel pressurized water onto a
fire. (office,
September 15, 1881) A vial of concentrated sulfuric acid was suspended
in the cylinder. Depending on the type of extinguisher, the vial of acid could
be broken in one of two ways. One used a plunger to break the acid vial, while
the second released a lead stopple that held the vial closed. Once the acid was
mixed with the bicarbonate solution, carbon dioxide gas was expelled and
thereby pressurized the water. The pressurized water was forced from the
canister through a nozzle or short length of hose.
The cartridge-operated extinguisher was invented by
Read & Campbell of England in 1881, which used water or water-based
solutions. They later invented a carbon tetrachloride model called the
"Petrolex" which was marketed toward automotive use. (shire, 2009)
The chemical foam extinguisher was invented in 1904
by Aleksandr Loran in Russia, based on his previous invention of fire fighting
foam. Loran first used it to extinguish a pan of burning naphtha. (Loran, 2003) It worked and looked
similar to the soda-acid type, but the inner parts were slightly different. The
main tank contained a solution of sodium bicarbonate in water, whilst the inner
container (somewhat larger than the equivalent in a soda-acid unit) contained a
solution of aluminum sulphate. When the solutions were mixed, usually by
inverting the unit, the two liquids reacted to create a frothy foam, and carbon
dioxide gas. The gas expelled the foam in the form of a jet. Although
liquorice-root extracts and similar compounds were used as additives
(stabilizing the foam by reinforcing the bubble-walls), there was no "foam
compound" in these units. The foam was a combination of the products of
the chemical reactions: sodium and aluminum salt-gels inflated by the carbon
dioxide. Because of this, the foam was discharged directly from the unit, with
no need for an aspirating branch pipe (as in newer foam-compound types).
CHAPTER 5
Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
Voice operated fire extinguisher
vehicle is a robot designed for extinguishing fire through a voice recognition
voice via a wireless approach. It will use voice-to-digital signal conversion
which is transmitted via radio frequency communication to the robotic vehicle.
The robotic vehicle will contain a water sprinkler.
The controlling devices of the whole system are; Speech recognition
module, wireless transceiver modules, obstacle detector, lamp, water jet spray, DC motors and buzzer. When the user fed the voice commands to the speech recognition module, the
speech is been recognize by the sensor and then acts to the command.
RECOMMENDATION
This project
is designed to be used in all our fire fighter companies for the safety of
humans, houses and establishments. And should be used and maintain by a
qualified personnel.
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